THE  AMERICAN  BOARD 


IN 

CHINA 


BY 

REV.  LEWIS  HODOUS,  D.D. 


CONDENSED  SKETCH  SERIES 


PUBLISHED  BY 

THE  AMERICAN  BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS 
FOR  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 
14  BEACON  ST.,  BOSTON,  MASS.,  U.  S.  A. 


THE  CHINA  MISSIONS,  1922 

TABLE  OF  STATISTICS 


Foochow 

•South 

China 

North 

China 

•Shaowu 

Totals 

Population  of  Field 

1,600,000 

2,500,000 

11,475,000 

1,350,000 

16,925,000 

Number  of  Stations 

3 

1 

7 

1 

12 

Outstations 

71 

33 

162 

47 

313 

Missionaries,  total 

52 

11 

130 

18 

211 

Ordained 

11 

3 

32 

4 

50 

Physicians  and  others 

7 

10 

2 

19 

Wives 

17 

3 

42 

5 

67 

Single  Women 

17 

5 

46 

7 

75 

Special  Service 

2 

19 

1 

22 

Native  Laborers,  total 

297 

81 

536 

133 

1,047 

Ordained  Preachers 

10 

2 

7 

4 

23 

Unordained  Preachers 

43 

24 

? 

33 

100 

Teachers 

187 

44 

334 

72 

637 

Bible  Women 

40 

8 

? 

15 

63 

Other  Helpers 

17 

11 

195 

24 

247 

Congregations 

75 

34 

236 

60 

405 

Organized  Churches 

51 

21 

108 

34 

214 

Communicants 

2,250 

2,680 

8,838 

895 

14,663 

Added  1920 

159 

117 

3,167 

75 

3,518 

Total  Constituency 

5,474 

3,335 

18,084 

3,500 

30,393 

Sunday  Schools 

71 

14 

33 

50 

168 

S.  S.  Membership 

3,221 

633 

3.613 

1,600 

9,067 

Schools,  total 

101 

25 

157 

45 

328 

Tbeolog.  and  Training  Schools 

tl 

1 

t4 

1 

7 

Students 

18 

5 

110 

31 

164 

Colleges 

tl 

1 

2 

Students 

19 

13 

32 

Secondary  or  Middle  Schools  . 

3 

7 

2 

12 

Students 

162 

503 

48 

713 

Other  Schools 

96 

24 

145 

42 

307 

Students 

3,565 

1,036 

5,191 

1,066 

10,858 

Total  Students 

3.764 

1,041 

5,817 

1,145 

11,767 

Hospitals 

5 

7 

2 

14 

Dispensaries 

5 

5 

2 

12 

Patients 

771 

13.775 

6,000 

20,546 

Treatments 

36,353 

36,389 

12,000 

84,742 

Native  Contributions,  total 

$31,023 

$14,905 

$54,614 

$6,758 

$107,300 

For  Christian  Work 

4,698 

5,460 

2,600 

For  Education 

20,412 

31,108 

4,158 

For  Other  Objects 

5,904 

18,046 

•Figures  for  1919.  tUnion  institutions. 


INTRODUCTION 


China  is  the  greatest  mission  field  in  all  the  world. 
By  virtue  of  its  population,  its  resources,  its  history,  its 
open-mindedness,  it  stands  in  the  very  forefront  of  mis- 
sionary opportunity.  Says  Dr.  E.  C.  Moore  of  Harvard, 
President  of  the  American  Board,  “Not  only  is  China  the 
greatest  opportunity  which  has  ever  come  to  the  modern 
Church,  it  is  the  greatest  opportunity  which  ever  can 
come.” 

What  are  we  Congregationalists  doing  in  this  field 
The  American  Board  has  four  missions  in  China.  Geo- 
graphically and  politically  our  missions  are  located  in 
positions  of  strategic  importance.  Educationally  and 
spiritually  each  mission  is  a white  harvest  field.  Nowhere 
in  the  country  are  there  greater  evangelistic  openings 
than  those  of  the  American  Board.  To  read  of  the  found- 
ing and  development  of  this  work  is  to  trace  “the  majestic 
steppings  of  the  Son  of  God.”  Here  are  great  demon- 
strations of  the  Gospel’s  power.  We  have  asked  Dr. 
Lewis  Hodous,  once  connected  with  our  Foochow  Mission, 
now  a professor  at  the  Kennedy  School  of  Missions  in 
Hartford,  to  tell  the  story  of  our  fourfold  China  work,  as 
it  has  developed  from  the  earliest  beginnings.  Wc  need 
the  sweep  of  the  whole  movement  in  order  to  appreciate 
its  significance.  We  believe  this  well-balanced  account 
will  be  of  benefit  to  those  who  take  part  in  missionary 
programs,  those  who  invest  money  or  life  in  China,  to- 
gether with  all  who  wish  to  follow  Christ’s  work  in  that 
great  land. 


I 


THE  AMERICAN  BOARD  IN  CHINA 
ITS  BEGINNINGS 

Protestant  missionary  work  in  China  was  started  by 
Rev'.  Robert  Morrison,  who  arrived  in  Canton  in  1807. 
He  came  by  way  of  America,  sailing  from  New  York,  and 
carrying  with  him  a letter  of  introduction  from  Mr. 
Madison,  Secretary  of  State,  to  the  American  Consul 
at  Canton.  In  1813  he  was  joined  by  Milne.  When  the 
latter  died  Morrison  was  left  alone.  At  this  time  he 
found  a true  brother  in  David  W.  C.  Olyphant,  Esq.,  an 
American  merchant.  The  two  started  a monthly  con- 
cert of  prayer,  the  first  one  in  China.  Inasmuch  as  the 
London  Missionary  Society  delayed  sending  recruits, 
Mr.  Olyphant  suggested  that  an  appeal  be  made  to  the 
American  churches  to  enter  the  work.  A joint  letter  was 
sent  and  articles  were  published  in  the  New  York 
Observer  and  later  in  the  Christian  Spectator. 

Mr.  Olyphant  did  not  stop  with  general  appeals.  In 
1829  he  wrote  to  the  American  Board  and  to  the  American 
Seamen’s  Friend  Society  that  the  good  ship  “Roman,” 
Captain  Lavender,  would  sail  for  Canton  in  October  of 
that  year  and  that  if  a missionary  were  sent  by  her  the 
passage  would  be  free.  Mr.  Evarts  at  once  went  to 
Andover  and  there  found  Elijah  C.  Bridgman,  who  had 
just  completed  his  studies,  and  was  undecided  as  to  his 
future  field  of  labor.  The  call  to  China  seemed  providen- 
tial, and  so  Mr.  Bridgman  was  ordained  as  the  first  mis- 
sionary to  China.  On  the  same  ship  sailed  Rev.  David 
Abeel,  as  missionary  of  the  Seamen’s  Society.  After  a 
year  he  joined  the  American  Board. 

These  pioneers  were  followed  by  men  whose  names  are 
well  known  in  China;  S.  Wells  Williams  (1833);  Rev. 
Peter  Parker,  M.D.  (1835),  the  first  medical  missionary; 
and  Rev.  Dyer  Ball,  M.  D.  (1838).  By  the  year  1842, 
when  the  first  five  ports  were  opened,  there  were  nineteen 
missionaries  of  all  Boards  in  China,  eight  of  w'hom  belonged 
to  the  American  Board. 


3 


The  early  missionaries  were  on  the  edge  of  the  great 
unknown  and  mysterious  continent.  They  longed  to 
find  out  about  the  country  and  the  people.  Above  all 
did  they  grasp  every  opportunity  to  distribute  books  and 
to  preach  the  Gospel.  In  1834  Rev.  Edwin  Stevens 
accompanied  Gutzlaff  on  a trip  to  the  tea  plantations  of 
Fukien.  They  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Min  River  and 
went  up  the  river  for  four  days.  On  the  fifth  day  they 
were  fired  upon  from  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  two  of 
their  men  were  slightly  wounded,  and  they  were  obliged 
to  turn  back.  In  1836  several  missionaries  of  the  Board 
went  to  Yeddo  in  the  ship  “Morrison”  to  return  seven 
ship^Tecked  Japanese.  The  Japanese  were  not  permitted 
to  land,  and  the  ship  was  subjected  to  cannonade  at 
Yeddo  and  at  Kagoshima  Bay.  In  the  year  1853  Dr.  S. 
Wells  Williams  accompanied  Commodore  Perry  as  an 
interpreter,  and  assisted  in  the  opening  of  Japan. 

We  have  a record  of  the  activities  of  these  early  mis- 
sionaries, which  gives  a good  idea  of  the  work  they  were 
doing.  “Dr.  Ball  superintended  the  Chinese  printing, 
kept  a boarding  school  of  eleven  pupils,  and  conduct^ 
Chinese  services  in  his  own  house  on  the  Sabbath,  when 
an  interesting  audience  convened.  Dr.  Bridgman’s  time 
was  divided  between  the  Repository,  the  revision  of  the 
Scriptures,  the  preaching  of  the  Word  at  the  hospital  and 
occasionally  to  Dr.  Ball’s  congregation,  and  the  instruction 
of  an  interesting  Bible  class,  two  of  whom  gave  increasing 
evidence  of  piety,  and  five  of  whom  desired  to  profess 
Christianity.  Mrs.  Bridgman  had  a promising  school  of 
Chinese  youth  under  her  tuition.” 

THE  MISSIONS 

The  end  of  the  so-called  Opium  War  in  1842  and  the 
opening  of  the  five  treaty  ports  mark  an  epoch  in  the 
history  of  missions  in  China.  The  missionaries  of  the 
Board  were  already  at  Canton.  As  soon  as  the  ports 
were  opened  they  began  to  extend  their  work.  In  1842 

4 


Mr.  Abeel  was  at  Amoy  while  the  port  was  still  occupied 
by  the  British  troops.  Here  he  laid  the  foundations  of 
the  Dutch  Reformed  mission,  which  took  over  the  work 
in  1857.  Faith  and  co-operation  characterized  the  work 
of  these  early  missionaries.  In  1849  a brick  chapel  was 
built  at  Amoy  on  the  plan  of  a New  England  meeting 
house.  “On  each  side  of  the  pulpit  are  apartments  for 
females,  where  they  may  hear  the  gospel  without  the 
violation  of  Chinese  custom.”  This  chapel  stands  today 
as  the  testimony  to  the  vision  of  these  early  missionaries. 
It  is  now  a self-supporting  church  and  is  supporting 
several  missions. 

Foochow  Mission  The  missionaries  of  the  Board  laid 
the  foundations  at  Canton,  Amoy 
and  Shanghai  for  others  to  build  upon.  The  first  mis- 
sion, which  has  had  a continuous  history,  was  established 
in  1847  at  Foochow,  the  capital  of  the  Fukien  province 
opposite  to  the  Island  of  Formosa.  The  early  missionaries 
came  from  Siam,  where  they  had  been  working  among  the 
Chinese.  They  were  assigned  to  a small  island  in  the 
river  Min  between  the  two  bridges.  This  was  flooded  in 
the  spring  and  swept  by  the  typhoons  in  the  summer.  In 
1850,  after  much  Lrouble,  they  acquired  land  at  Ponasang, 
and  laid  the  foundations  for  the  large  work  among  women 
and  for  the  evangelistic  work.  In  1848  Northern  Method- 
ists established  their  mission  at  Foochow,  and  in  1850 
the  Church  Miss  onary  Society  opened  its  work.  The 
three  missions  have  labored  together  very  harmoniously. 
They  divided  the  northern  part  of  the  province  among 
themselves,  and  the  parts  assigned  to  the  American  Board 
are  now  occupied  by  it  alone.  Foochow,  the  headquarters 
of  the  missions,  is  held  in  common. 

The  little  group  studied  the  language,  wrote  tracts  on 
various  aspects  of  the  Gospel,  and  preached  daily  in  the 
chapels  connected  with  their  homes.  They  had  a passion 
for  souls,  and  were  longing  for  the  day  when  the  first  one 
would  be  won  to  Christ.  The  first  decision  was  made 


5 


in  the  year  1856  and  in  1857  the  first  church  was  organ- 
ized. It  still  worships  on  the  old  site.  It  occupies  a 
modern  building,  and  is  self-sustaining  and  exerts  a large 
influence  on  the  suburb  in  which  it  is  located. 

The  missionaries  were  looking  toward  the  walled  city 
and  out  into  the  province.  In  1861  premises  were  pur- 
chased in  Foochow  City  near  the  White  Pagoda,  now  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  locations  in  China.  In  1862  work 
was  begun  in  Diong  Loh,  about  fifteen  miles  to  the  south- 
east of  Foochow.  This  is  now  a prosperous  station.  In 
1865  touring  was  begun  in  Ingtai,  now  one  of  the  most 
successful  stations  of  the  Board. 

Shaowu  Mission  In  the  years  1870-71  tours  were  made 
in  Shaowu.  This  was  set  off  as  a 
mission  in  1918.  The  population  to  which  these  stations 
minister  is  estimated  to  be  about  2,800,000.  Both  the 
Foochow  and  Shaowu  Missions  face  openings  they  cannot 
enter.  The  harvest  truly  is  plenteous. 

North  China  Mission  The  North  China  Mission  was 

established  by  Dr.  Blodget  in 
1860  at  Tientsin.  He  began  services  in  a temple  of  the 
Goddess  of  Mercy,  near  the  east  gate  of  the  city.  In  1864 
he  moved  to  Peking.  The  first  property  was  purchased 
at  Teng  Shik  K’ou  by  Mrs.  Bridgman,  the  widow  of  Dr. 
Bridgman.  The  site  for  the  first  church  in  Peking  was 
purchased  by  Mrs.  Tank  of  Wisconsin.  There  are  three 
Congregational  churches  in  Peking,  and  an  extensive 
work  radiating  out  into  the  country. 

Tunghsien,  twelve  miles  from  Peking,  was  opened  in 
1867.  This  became  a strong  center  for  educational  work. 
The  Boys’  school  developed  into  the  North  China  Union 
College,  and  this  united  later  with  the  Peking  University. 
The  fine  site  and  buildings  are  occupied  by  the  Jefferson 
Academy  for  boj’^s  and  the  school  for  the  children  of 
missionaries.  Paotingfu,  100  miles  southwest  of  Peking, 
was  opened  in  1873.  This  field  has  a strong  evangelistic 

6 


work,  and  is  reported  to  be  facing  a truly  marvellous 
opportunity,  with  five  counties  ripe  for  Christianity  — a 
population  of  1,000,000  souls! 

The  above  four  stations  are  in  the  province  of  Chihli. 
Pangchuang,  140  miles  south  of  Tientsin  in  the  Province 
of  Shantung,  was  opened  in  1880.  In  1914  it  was  moved 
to  Tehsien,  a large  city  175  miles  south  on  the  Peking- 
Shanghai  railway.  Lintsing  was  opened  in  1886. 

The  work  in  the  Province  of  Shansi  was  established  by 
the  Oberlin  Band,  which  was  formed  in  1881  by  members 
of  the  upper  classes  of  the  Oberlin  Theological  Seminary. 
The  Band  located  in  the  central  part  of  the  province,  with 
its  coal-ribbed  mountains  and  iron  ore  deposits.  Taiku, 
the  first  station,  was  started  in  1882,  and  Fenchow  in  1886. 
More  recently  a striking  work  has  been  opened  in  the 
Province  of  Shensi  among  a large  population  unreached 
by  other  missions.  This  story  is  told  by  the  Board  in 
special  literature.  The  population  for  which  the  American 
Board  is  responsible,  in  the  areas  occupied  by  the  North 
China  mission,  is  estimated  to  be  about  11,473,800. 

South  China  Mission  The  South  China  Mission  was 

established  in  1883,  in  response 
to  the  call  of  Chinese  living  in  America.  The  field  of  this 
mission  embraces  seven  districts  occupied  by  the  ancestral 
homes  of  the  Chinese  in  America,  and  also  three  other 
districts  and  the  port  of  Hongkong.  The  estimated 
population  for  which  the  mission  is  responsible  is  2,500,- 
000.  The  churches  are  strong  and  aggressive  and  self- 
support  has  grown  rapidly.  The  Chinese  in  the  United 
States  are  loyal  supporters  of  the  work. 

The  Strategy  of  The  Missionaries  of  the  Board  are 
Location  located  in  five  of  the  most  populous 
provinces  and  have  a strong  work 
in  Peking,  the  capital  of  China.  Mission  stations  occupy 
four  capitals  of  provinces.  The  territory  occupied  has 
been  assigned  by  a conference  of  missions  representing  the 

7 


different  denominations  at  work  in  those  parts  of  China. 
Outside  of  the  cities  used  as  headquarters  by  several  mis- 
sions there  is  no  overlapping. 

The  missionaries  are  leaders  in  their  communities.  The 
churches  are  growing  in  numbers,  and  in  influence.  The 
Church  of  China  is  the  most  influential  group  of  its  size 
in  the  country.  The  churches  founded  by  the  missionaries 
of  the  Board  are  an  important  part  of  the  Church  of  China. 

PROMOTING  HEALTH 

Peter  Parker  The  American  Boai’d  has  the  distinction 
of  sending  the  first  medical  missionary 
to  China.  Rev.  Peter  Parker,  M.D.,  arrived  in  Canton  in 
1834.  In  1835  he  opened  the  first  Medical  Missionary 
hospital  of  the  Far  East,  the  Ophthalmatic  Hospital  at 
Canton,  later  known  as  the  Canton  Hospital.  Dr.  Parker 
left  on  the  records  of  the  hospital  53,062  names  of  people 
who  came  for  relief.  In  1838  he  assisted  in  the  formation 
of  the  Medical  Missionary  Society  at  Canton.  In  1841  he 
visited  Edinburgh,  and  was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
Edinburgh  Missionary  Society. 

Dr.  Parker  describes  the  opening  of  this  first  hospital 
as  follows: 

“It  was  after  a long  effort  that  a place  was  found  for  a hospital, 
and  when  at  length  a suitable  building  was  rented  and  previous 
notice  had  been  given,  on  the  first  day  no  patients  ventured  to  come, 
on  the  second  day  a solitary  female,  afflicted  with  glaucoma,  on  the 
third  day,  half  a dozen,  and  soon  they  came  in  crowds.  It  is  diflficult 
to  convey  to  a person  who  has  not  visited  the  hospital  a just  idea  of 
them.  He  needs  to  be  present  on  a day  for  receiving  new  patients, 
and  behold  respectable  women  and  children  assembling  at  the  doors 
the  previous  evening,  and  sitting  all  night  in  the  street  that  they 
might  be  in  time  to  obtain  an  early  ticket  for  admission.  He  needs 
behold,  in  the  morning,  the  long  line  of  sedans,  extending  far  in 
every  direction;  see  the  officers  with  their  attendants;  observe  the 
dense  mass  in  the  room  below;  stand  by  during  the  examination, 
and  giving  out  of  tickets  of  admission,  urgent  cases  being  admitted 
at  once,  while  others  are  directed  to  come  again  at  a specified  time. 
Numbers  from  other  provinces,  from  Nanking  and  Peking,  who 
were  residents  at  Canton,  have  called.” 

8 


Dr.  Parker  performed  many  difficult  operations.  The 
Canton  hospital  was  opened  but  two  months  when  he 
removed  a large  tumor,  weighing  a pound  and  a quarter, 
from  the  face  of  a Chinese  girl  of  thirteen.  The  child 
endured  the  pain  with  patience  and  fortitude  — for  it  was 
done  before  anaesthetics  were  known  — and  the  wound 
healed  by  first  intention. 

In  1847  Dr.  Parker  introduced  the  blessings  of  anaes- 
thesia to  the  Chinese,  and  the  new  anaesthetic  became  so 
popular  that  Chinese  in  good  health  were  asking  to  be 
put  under  ether  to  see  just  what  it  was  like!  Then  we 
speak  of  the  conservatism  of  the  Chinese! 

An  old  Chinese  gentleman  whose  sight  Dr.  Parker 
restored  begged  to  have  the  doctor’s  picture  painted  for 
himself  by  a Chinese  artist  in  order  that  he  might  bow 
before  it  every  morning. 

Dr.  Parker  was  also  a statesman.  In  1838  he  assisted 
in  the  foundation  of  the  “Medical  Missionary  Society  in 
China.”  This  society  issued  a manifesto  with  the  following 
points : 

1.  To  encourage  western  medicine  amongst  the 
Chinese  and  afford  an  opportunity  for  Christian 
philanthropy  and  service. 

2.  To  extend  to  the  Chinese  people  some  of  those 
benefits  which  “science,  patient  investigation,  and 
the  ever-kindling  light,  discovery,  have  conferred 
upon  the  West.” 

3.  To  cultivate  confidence  and  friendship,  and  thus 
introduce  the  Gospel  of  Christ  in  place  of  heathen- 
ism. 

4.  To  provoke  enquiry  into  truth  by  the  opposing  of 
exact  science  to  superstitious  ignorance. 

5.  To  make  a contribution  towards  the  relief  of 
human  suffering,  and  the  cure  of  loathsome  diseases. 

6.  To  educate  Chinese  youths  in  western  medicine. 

7.  To  advance  general  medical  knowledge  by  the 
reflex  benefits,  which  will  accrue  from  scientific 
discoveries  in  China. 

This  work  so  auspiciously  begun  by  Dr,  Parker  was 
followed  up  by  a noble  succession  of  American  physicians. 

9 


Medical  Plants  The  Foochow  medical  work  was  begun 
in  1870.  At  present  there  is  a fine 
hospital  in  Foochow  City,  a hospital  and  dispensary  at 
Ingtai.  Diongloh  and  Pagoda  Anchorage  have  each  a 
small,  but  efficient,,  hospital.  In  Shaowu  there  is  a hospi- 
tal for  men  and  one  for  women.  The  church  at  Yangkou, 
in  the  Shaowu  field,  has  established  a hospital  and  dis- 
pensary under  Chinese  direction. 

In  North  China  medical  work  was  begun  by  Rev.  Henry 
D.  Porter,  M.D.  At  present  there  are  hospitals  at 
Tunghsien,  Tehsien,  Lintsing,  Taiku  and  Fenchow. 

The  Medical  Missionary’s  The  physician  is  exerting  a 
Influence  large  influence  in  adjusting 

the  Chinese  to  the  modern 
world.  The  old  Chinese  medical  profession  failed  to 
develop  two  essentials  necessary  for  promoting  a people’s 
health.  One  is  the  scientific  knowledge  of  the  human 
body  and  the  elements  in  our  environment  ministering  to 
the  health  of  the  body,  or  destroying  the  health  of  the 
body.  The  other  is  the  sense  of  responsibility  of  the 
profession  to  the  people,  a sense  of  trusteeship.  The 
medical  profession  was  a trade  by  which  a man  earned  his 
living  and  not  a trust  to  be  executed  on  behalf  of  the 
individual,  the  community  and  the  nation. 

The  foreign  doctor  brought  a new  knowledge  of  the 
body  and  the  causes  of  disease.  He  taught  that  disease 
was  due  to  dirt  and  other  preventable  causes  and  not  to 
demons.  The  clean,  quiet  hospitals  have  been  models  for 
the  sick-room  practice  in  the  homes  of  Christians  and 
non-Christians. 

The  physician  has  been  an  expert  friend  in  the  epi- 
demics of  cholera,  smallpox  and  plague.  In  the  areas 
where  bubonic  plague  is  an  annual  \asitor  the  physician 
introduced  the  serum.  In  the  northern  part  of  China  our 
doctors  worked  valiantly  during  the  pneumonic  plague 
in  1910,  1918,  and  more  recently.  One  of  our  physicians 

10 


organized  a movement  which  stamped  the  plague  out  in 
Nanking,  and  in  this  way  stopped  its  spread  to  Shanghai 
and  to  our  shores. 

The  physician  has  not  been  content  with  healing  the 
sick.  His  trained  mind  and  sense  of  trusteeship  pene- 
trated beyond  the  individual  cases  to  the  conditions 
which  produce  disease.  Recently  sanitation  campaigns 
have  been  carried  on  in  many  cities  of  China.  The 
object  of  these  is  to  instruct  the  people  to  protect  them- 
selves against  the  common  diseases  and  to  awaken  the 
authorities  to  take  measures  to  prevent  the  occurrence 
and  spread  of  these  epidemics.  Our  physicians  and  the 
Chinese  associated  with  them  have  prepared  tracts, 
lectures  illustrated  by  slides,  and  newspaper  articles  for 
the  people.  They  have  given  many  lectures  and  popular 
demonstrations . 

Medical  Training  The  doctors  of  the  Board  realized 
that  China  must  be  healed  by  the 
Chinese,  and  so  they  began  the  training  of  the  modern 
physicians.  Among  the  pioneers  in  this  work  was  Dr. 
D.  W.  Osgood,  who  started  a training  class  in  Foochow. 
At  present  several  hospitals  have  training  classes  for 
nurses. 

In  Fooehow  the  American  Board  united  with  other 
missions  in  the  establishment  of  a medical  school.  This, 
however,  was  closed  on  account  of  lack  of  funds  and  an 
adequate  teaching  staff. 

In  Peking  the  training  work  started  by  the  missions  was 
merged  with  Peking  Medical  College  and  Hospital  estab- 
lished by  the  China  Medical  Board.  This  is  one  of  the 
finest  institutions  in  the  world.  It  is  housed  in  sixteen 
large  buildings  with  graceful,  bright  green  tile  roofs.  It 
is  supplied  with  modern  laboratories,  classrooms,  dor- 
mitories and  wards  with  175  beds.  The  plant  cost  over 
eight  million  dollars.  Near  by  is  a pre-medical  school, 

11 


where  intensive  training  in  Physics,  Chemistry  and 
Biology  is  given  to  students  preparing  for  the  medical 
course. 

The  physician  of  the  Board  has  also  been  a literary  man 
of  no  mean  ability.  Dr.  Osgood  translated  Gray’s 
Anatomy.  Dr.  ^Miitney  retranslated  it  and  brought  it 
up  to  date.  He  also  made  a contribution  to  the  medical 
terms  of  China.  Dr.  Porter’s  Physiology  has  had  a large 
influence  on  students.  Dr.  Ingram  is  the  author  of  a 
work  on  Therapeutics  and  another  on  Refraction. 

The  American  physician  has  also  prolonged  the  life  and 
usefulness  of  the  missionary.  In  fact,  without  his  efficient 
aid  the  missionary  world  would  have  found  living  in  China 
a difficult  matter.  The  physician  has  also  protected  those 
who  do  not  go  to  the  mission  field.  By  his  co-operation 
with  the  authorities  of  the  United  States,  he  has  fore- 
warned the  officials,  and  enabled  them  to  take  due  pre- 
cautions against  any  epidemic  likely  to  spread  to  America. 
In  the  past  a large  contribution  has  been  made  to  the 
science  of  medicine.  This  will  be  increased  through  such 
an  institution  as  the  Peking  Medical  College. 

STIMULATING  INDUSTRY 

Agriculture  The  influence  of  the  missionary  on  agri- 
culture and  industry  is  increasing  rapidly. 
This  consists,  not  so  much  in  the  improvement  of  implements 
or  methods,  but  in  the  radical  change  of  attitude  toward 
nature  and  toward  man  which  the  Christian  religion  culti- 
vates. The  missionary  replaces  magic  by  law,  which  every 
one  may  employ.  He  substitutes  for  the  multitude  of 
capricious  spirits  one  loAung  Father,  who  has  created  all 
men  and  all  things,  who  watches  over  aU  in  love.  Man, 
as  the  child  of  God,  is  to  employ  all  things  for  the  King- 
dom of  God.  This  contribution  to  a nation’s  equipment 
surpasses  any  changes  in  the  mechanical  operations. 

12 


While  the  missionary  has  been  changing  the  attitude 
toward  nature  he  has  not  neglected  to  introduce  improve- 
ments in  so  far  as  opportunity  enabled  him  to  do  so. 
The  missionaries  brought  in  good  cotton  seed,  American 
seeds  and  fruit  trees.  The  successes  of  their  small  gardens 
have  been  reproduced  in  the  gardens  of  the  people.  They 
have  also  helped  the  United  States  Government  in  col- 
lecting numerous  seeds  and  plants  which  will  add,  not 
only  to  our  knowledge,  but  are  now  beautifying  our  way- 
sides  and  bringing  large  profits. 

In  Shaowu  the  Board  has  established,  in  co-operation 
with  the  Chinese,  an  experimental  station  in  agriculture. 
The  Chinese  gave  the  mission  a piece  of  land  which  was 
almost  useless.  The  agriculturalist  is  making  it  blossom 
like  a garden.  He  is  teaching  the  Chinese  the  advantages 
of  afforestation,  selection  of  seeds,  the  use  of  machinery, 
deeper  plowing  and  the  modern  methods  of  destroying 
insects.  The  Chinese  plow  has  not  been  improved  since 
its  invention.  It  scratches  the  surface,  and  does  not 
enable  all  the  plant-producing  elements  to  contribute  to 
the  growth  of  the  crop. 

These  lessons  are  very  timely.  China  is  entering  an 
industrial  era.  The  people  are  leaving  the  fields  and 
concentrating  in  the  cities.  The  soil  of  China  must  be 
made  more  productive  and  the  individual  who  remains  on 
the  land  must  be  able  to  produce  more  food.  This  is  pos- 
sible. China  is  not  so  overcrowded  as  we  often  believe. 
There  is  Mongolia  and  Manchuria,  and  within  China 
proper  are  large  tracts  of  land  which  are  not  producing 
as  much  as  they  will  produce  when  modern  methods  are 
applied.  The  Christian  agriculturalist  will  enable  China 
to  make  the  transition  to  modern  conditions  more  easily, 
and  with  less  injury  to  its  people. 

The  American  Board  missionaries  have  helped  to 
introduce  farming  machinery.  The  missionary  at  Ingtai, 
for  example,  improved  a cotton  gin,  and  thus  helped  to 
substitute  cotton  for  the  usual  opium  crop. 

13 


The  frequent  famines  have  given  opportunity  to  show 
the  real  friendship  of  the  missionary  and  his  nation.  In 
the  famine  of  1920-21  the  missionaries  of  the  Board  in 
Shantung  distributed  5,665  tons  of  grain,  saving  213,671 
people  from  starvation.  They  condueted  310  famine 
schools  with  338  teachers  and  8,616  pupils.  A similar 
work  was  done  in  Paotingfu.  Besides  this  relief  work 
they  helped  the  peasants  to  dig  wells,  build  dykes  and 
modern  roads.  They  also  impressed  the  need  of  afforesta- 
tion, as  necessary  to  prevention  of  floods  and  drought. 

The  use  of  milk  has  been  introduced  by  missionaries. 
The  Tunghsien  dairy,  managed  by  Chinese,  is  a fine 
example  of  the  influence  of  the  missionary.  This  dairy 
produces  milk  under  conditions  as  wholesome  and  sanitary 
as  those  of  the  best  dairies  of  our  own  country.  That,  too, 
at  Shaowu  has  large  possibilities. 

Industries  The  influence  of  the  missionary  in  industry 
is  not  easily  tabulated.  His  house  and  its 
conveniences  and  utensils  have  not  only  excited  curiosity, 
but  have  been  imitated  in  many  homes.  The  care  of  the 
clock  and  clock-making  and  regulating  is  done  by  Christian 
Chinese.  In  so  far  as  the  use  of  the  clock  produces  a new 
valuation  of  time,  its  introduction  will  revolutionize  the 
East.  The  printing  press  and  movable  type  are  also  of 
missionary  origin.  S.  Wells  Williams  and  others  were  the 
pioneers  in  printing.  Today  the  largest  Chinese  publish- 
ing house,  the  Commercial  Press,  is  managed  by  Christians. 

There  are  numerous  schools  and  undertakings  which 
give  employment  and  some  training  to  many  Chinese  men 
and  women  under  the  supervision  of  our  workers;  such 
as  drawn-work,  tatting,  carpentry,  weaving  of  rugs  from 
goats’  hair  and  weaving  cotton  cloth. 

The  missionary  has  also  honored  labor,  and  thus  has 
brought  about  a new  attitude  to  it.  The  Chinese  scholar 
used  to  allow  his  fingernails  to  grow  long  in  order  to  show 
that  he  did  not  do  any  menial  work.  In  most  of  the 

14 


schools  of  the  Board  boys  and  girls  work  in  order  to  pay 
part  of  their  expenses.  This  change  of  attitude  toward 
labor  is  bringing  the  student  and  worker  closer  together. 
The  striking  characteristic  of  the  renaissance  is  the  interest 
on  the  part  of  the  students  in  the  living  conditions  of  the 
workers. 

More  recently  several  attempts  are  being  made  to  study 
some  aspect  of  the  industrial  situation  and  then  through 
an  institution  to  make  a contribution  to  it.  Peking  Univer- 
sity has  a department  for  the  training  of  stenographers. 
It  is  also  developing  a department  of  Animal  Husbandry. 
Especially  it  is  turning  its  attention  to  the  curing  of  leather. 
The  Fukien  Christian  University  is  helping  the  silk  pro- 
ducer to  improve  the  quality  of  the  silk.  In  Foochow  a 
school  is  being  developed  for  the  training  of  boys  for 
industrial  pursuits. 

The  missionary  has  already  made  substantial  contri- 
butions to  industry  and  agriculture.  As  his  world  view 
takes  possession  of  Chinese  and  Americans  his  contribu- 
tion will  be  far  reaching.  It  will  mean  that  the  peasant, 
the  industrial  worker,  and  the  merchant  will  look  upon 
their  work,  not  merely  as  a source  of  personal  profit,  but 
as  a service  to  be  rendered  to  society.  It  is  possible  that 
the  Chinese  will  enable  the  world  to  realize  this  new 
attitude  toward  industry,  and  help  in  the  solution  of  our 
industrial  problems. 

BUILDING  CHARACTER  THROUGH 
THE  SCHOOL 

The  Board  is  co-operating  in  three  universities,  the 
Peking  Medical  College,  in  nine  institutions  for  the  train- 
ing of  workers,  two  of  these  being  the  North  China  Lan- 
guage School  for  missionaries  and  the  language  school  at 
Foochow.  The  missions  have  fourteen  boarding  schools  of 
high  school  grade.  There  are  over  300  primary  schools. 

The  early  missionaries  believed  in  two  institutions,  the 
church  and  the  school.  Today  it  is  the  policy  of  aU 

15 


Chinese  Congregational  Churches  to  plant  a school  next 
to  the  church.  Dr.  P.  W.  Kno,  in  his  history  of  Education 
in  China,  gives  the  missionary  the  credit  for  the  introduc- 
tion of  modern  education. 

In  the  eighties  of  the  last  century  Miss  Hannah  C.  Wood- 
hull  started  a Kindergarten  at  Foochow.  Miss  Jean 
Brown  took  up  the  work,  trained  a number  of  Chinese 
girls  and  translated  a book  of  Kindergarten  songs.  These 
pupils  started  the  first  government  Kindergarten  at 
Foochow.  The  kindergarten  is  now  very  popular.  The 
initiative  and  the  model  were  due  to  the  missionary.  At 
present  Foochow  has  a Union  Kindergarten  Training 
School  and  Peking  has  a training  course  for  kindergartners. 

The  day  schools  in  connection  with  each  church  for 
Christians  and  non-Christians  are  training  the  rising 
generation  for  the  new  age.  At  first  it  was  impossible  to 
get  the  girls  without  the  payment  of  a small  sum  of  money. 
Today  both  girls  and  boys  pay  tuition  regularly.  These 
schools  are  rapidly  improving  in  their  equipment, 
management  and  teaching  staff.  In  several  localities 
uniform  examination  and  the  adoption  of  the  curriculum 
of  the  government  schools,  and  the  employment  of  tests 
make  the  schools  models  for  other  schools.  The  curri- 
culum has  been  broadened,  so  that  it  not  merely  fits  the 
pupil  to  enter  the  next  higher  institution,  but  is  having  a 
marked  influence  upon  the  health  and  appearance  of  the 
new  generation  of  pupils. 

The  boarding  schools  for  boys  and  girls  are  the  strategic 
institutions  of  the  church,  being  the  nurseries  of  Christian 
leaders.  As  a rule  they  provide  the  ^equivalent  of  the 
high  school  education  in  this  country.  They  relate  the 
growing  boy  and  girl  to  the  new  world  which  is  breaking 
into  China.  They  do  it  in  such  a way  that  the  student  is 
able  to  keep  the  best  of  the  old.  They  enable  him  to 
understand  the  spiritual  foundations  of  the  western  world. 
By  association  with  noble  teachers  the  pupil  assimilates 
high  ideals  and  attitudes.  By  sharing  in  service  with  his 

16 


fellow  students  he  acquires  habits  of  service.  The 
efficient  pastors,  teachers  and  Bible-women  come  from 
these  schools. 

Higher  Education  In  the  higher  education  the  Board 
has  taken  a leading  part.  In  the  last 
few  years  union  institutions  for  higher  learning  have  been 
established  by  several  denominations.  In  this  movement 
the  Board  has  had  a large  influence.  The  Board  at 
present  participates  in  fifteen  union  institutions.  Among 
them  are  schools  for  the  training  of  kindergartners,  Bible- 
women,  physicians,  ministers,  and  two  universities. 

Peking  University,  located  at  Peking,  was  established  in 
1915.  This  University  does  the  higher  educational  work 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  the  London  Missionary  Society  and  the  Ameri- 
can Board.  In  1920  the  North  China  Woman’s  College 
became  a part  of  the  University.  The  University  has  a 
College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  for  men  and  women,  a college 
of  Animal  Husbandry  and  a School  of  Theology.  A 
School  of  Journahsm  is  being  projected.  A large  site  has 
been  acquired  outside  of  Peking  and  plans  are  being  made 
for  the  erection  of  the  University  buildings. 

The  Fukien  Christian  University  was  organized  in  1916 
by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church,  the  Church  Missionary  Society  and  the  American 
Board.  It  has  now  a faculty  of  twenty-one  men,  a student 
body  numbering  117,  and  is  developing  its  plans  on  a site 
of  sixty  acres  three  miles  below  Foochow.  In  the  near 
future  it  hopes  to  add  a School  of  Education  and  a School 
of  Theology. 

The  most  significant  thing  for  the  futurejchurch  of 
China  is  the  Union  Theological  Schools  at  Foochow, 
Canton,  Peking  and  Tsinanfu.  Here  the  Chinese  leaders 
are  learning  that  the  church  of  Christ  is  one.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  the  Board  is  associated  with  the  strong  mis- 
sions of  China  in  these  schools,  namely  Baptists,  Angli- 
cans, British  Congregationalists,  Methodists,  Presby- 
terians, and  United  Brethren. 

17 


These  schools  have  already  made  their  contribution  to 
the  leadership  in  the  new  China.  The  graduates  are 
occupying  responsible  positions  in  the  government,  in  the 
post  office,  the  customs  service,  in  the  railways,  and  in 
business.  One  of  the  graduates  is  a Postal  Commissioner 
of  a large  province.  Several  are  in  newspaper  work.  By 
far  the  larger  number  are  teachers  in  the  Christian  and 
Government  schools  and  pastors  of  the  growing  churches. 
Pastor  Li  of  Peking,  who  passed  away  recently,  was  a 
fine  type  of  the  product  of  our  schools.  He  was  a thor- 
ough Chinese,  and  yet  he  had  a forward  look  to  the  new 
China,  which  is  growing  out  of  the  old.  He  had  a large 
share  in  the  struggle  for  religious  liberty.  In  this  he  was 
associated  with  Buddhists,  Mohammedans  and  Catholics. 
He  served  the  churches  of  North  China  as  organizing 
secretary. 

These  Christian  institutions  are  not  only  training  lead- 
ers, but  they  are  giving  these  men  a passion  for  truth,  and 
are  cultivating  in  them  the  sense  of  responsibility  to  their 
people,  and  to  the  nations  of  the  world,  and  are  imparting 
the  ideals  of  a life  of  service.  In  this  way  they  are  pre- 
paring China  to  enter  the  sisterhood  of  nations,  not  as  a 
liability,  but  as  an  asset. 

ORGANIZING  GOOD-WILL  THROUGH  THE 
CHURCH 

The  missionary  has  performed  one  of  the  most  difficult 
tasks  in  the  world.  He  has  gone  amongst  a people  unsym- 
pathetic and  suspicious,  and  has  organized  them  into 
groups  who  are  desirous  of  spreading  good-will  and  kind- 
ness into  all  parts  of  China.  We  may  catch  a glimpse  of 
the  difficulties  from  the  early  history  of  the  Foochow 
Mission:  “The  audiences  were  at  first  so  tumultuous, 
that  the  attempt  to  open  or  close  the  meetings  with 
prayer  was  not  deemed  prudent.  Gradually  the  people 
were  more  orderly  and  respectful,  and  the  audience 
numbered  about  sixty  souls.” 

18 


What  kind  of  people  are  the  church  members?  In 
1918-19  a social  survey  was  made  in  Peking.  This  survey 
shows  that  84  per  cent  of  the  members  of  the  three  Congre- 
gational churches  of  Peking  can  read  and  write.  This  is 
far  above  the  non-Christian  population.  Of  the  84  per 
cent  who  can  read,  8 per  cent  have  a good  Chinese  educa- 
tion, 15  per  cent  have  a high  school  training,  and  6 per 
cent  have  attended  some  higher  school.  The  latter 
group  includes  ten  students  who  have  studied  abroad, 
seventeen  who  have  studied  theology,  law,  medicine, 
electrical  engineering,  aviation.  Twenty-two  have 
attended  a Chinese  University  and  six  have  had  commer- 
cial or  Bible  School  training.  This  makes  a total  of  fifty- 
five,  forty-five  being  men  and  ten  being  women.  While 
the  situation  in  Peking  is,  in  some  respects,  exceptional, 
two  of  the  churches  are  quite  ordinary  and  resemble  the 
average  church  in  other  parts  of  China.  Another  indica- 
tion of  the  intellectual  level  of  the  Congregational  Chris- 
tians of  Peking  is  that  26  per  cent  of  the  members  sub- 
scribe to  one  or  more  newspapers. 

The  Congregational  churches  have  • been  advocates  of 
self-support.  When  the  Board  was  at  work  in  Amoy, 
in  the  early  days,  the  members  collected  $40  for  the 
purpose  of  helping  the  poor  among  them.  Now  the 
churches  are  contributing  considerably  over  $100,000, 
annually.  While  this  includes  contributions  for  educa- 
tion, it  should  be  multiplied  by  five  to  get  at  the  real  com- 
parison between  China  and  America.  The  Congrega- 
tional Churches  are  rapidly  advancing  toward  self-support. 
In  some  sections  of  China  the  contributions  of  the  Board 
to  evangelistic  work  are  only  a small  part  of  the  budget 
for  such  work. 

Share  of  Administrative  In  the  matter  of  self-direction 
Control  the  churches  have  made 

rapid  strides.  The  growth 
of  nationalism  and  the  self-consciousness  of  the  churches, 
and  the  general  dislike  of  foreign  domination  has  acceler- 

19 


ated  the  development  of  the  spirit  of  independence  and 
the  desire  to  manage  their  own  affairs.  Several  missions 
of  other  denominations  have  passed  through  stormy  times 
in  making  the  adjustments.  On  the  whole  the  missions 
of  the  Board  have  passed  through  this  era  of  transition 
very  harmoniously  and  normally.  The  reason  is  that  the 
missionaries  have  expected  the  Chinese  to  direct  their 
own  affairs,  and  encouraged  them  to  do  so  from  the  very 
beginning  and  provided  larger  and  larger  opportunities 
for  the  exercise  of  this  heaven-born  desire. 

In  Foochow,  for  example,  the  representatives  of  the 
Chinese  Churches  meet  with  the  missionaries  and  allocate 
all  the  money  sent  out  for  evangelistic  and  lower  educa- 
tional work.  The  Chinese  are  members  of  all  the  boards 
of  managers  of  the  educational  institutions.  In  all 
respects  the  Chinese  and  the  missionary  have  equal 
opportunity  to  serve  the  cause  of  the  church. 

In  North  China  the  mission  has  merged  its  identity  in 
the  Chinese  Church.  Finance,  location,  even  the  recall 
of  the  missionary  are  decided  in  a joint  meeting  of  the 
representatives  of  the  churches  and  the  representatives 
of  the  mission  body.  The  whole  work  is  united  by  a 
Chinese  secretary  and  a missionary  secretary,  who  are 
servants  of  the  church-at-large  in  North  China. 

Self-Propagating  The  missions  have  considered  various 
plans  of  helping  the  Chinese 
churches,  and  have  decided  that  co-operation  with  them 
on  an  equality  as  friends  is  the  one  that  will  give  largest 
results.  How  far  is  the  church  self-propagating?  En- 
tirely. The  new  members  are  won  by  the  Chinese.  The 
survey  in  Peking  revealed  that  10  per  cent  of  the  mem- 
bership was  engaged  in  religious  work.  The  number 
actually  doing  their  bit,  in  their  own  way,  is  equal  to  the 
membership.  The  work  in  the  province  of  Shensi  from 
Fenchow  as  a center,  which  has  caught  the  attention  of  the 
Board’s  constituency  to  a remarkable  degree,  has  devel- 

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oped  a large  number  of  groups  that  are  looking  upon  the 
surrounding  villages  as  their  mission  field.  Recent  years 
have  witnessed  a revival  of  personal  work,  and  many 
members  have  taken  their  part  in  this  form  of  evangelism. 
Our  churches  have  taken  a leading  part  in  the  China-for- 
Christ  movement,  and  in  the  work  of  the  mission  to 
Yunnan. 

The  churches  have  been  active  in  the  teaching  of 
phonetic  script  and  the  Romanized,  with  a view  to  making 
every  member  a reader  of  the  Word  of  God.  In  parts  of 
North  China  the  phonetic  script  has  been  taught  to  large 
numbers  of  people,  both  within  and  without  the  church. 
The  churches  and  missionaries  are  co-operating  in  the 
large  cities  in  facing  the  problems  of  the  city  as  a unit.  In 
Foochow  the  various  denominations  co-operate  with  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  organizing  Bible  classes  for  government 
school  students,  sanitation  campaigns,  playgrounds,  and 
in  developing  work  for  boys.  In  Peking  our  missionaries 
have  a large  share  in  the  Peking  Christian  Student  Work 
Union.  In  Peking  there  are  48,000  men  and  boys  in 
schools,  and  7,000  women.  The  churches  all  unite  in 
planning  Bible  classes,  social  evenings,  conferences  for 
these  students.  In  1920,  380  students  made  decisions  to 
become  Christians. 

Spirit  of  Co-operation  The  Chinese  Church  is  per- 
meated by  the  spirit  of  co- 
operation. At  first  the  Congregationalists  started  to 
unite  the  Congregational  Churches  of  China,  whether 
established  by  the  Board  or  by  the  London  Missionary 
Society.  This  union  was  not  consummated  on  account  of 
geographical  difficulties.  The  attempt  led  to  a larger 
union,  which  is  now  in  process  of  realization.  An  organi- 
zation has  been  effected,  in  which  Presbyterians,  churches 
established  by  the  London  Missionary  Society,  Congre- 
gationalists, United  Brethren,  churches  established  by  the 
English  Baptists,  are  co-operating  together  in  forming  a 
union  church.  This  union  will  give  large  freedom  to  the 

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units  in  matters  of  doctrine  and  polity,  and  will  unite 
them  by  their  loyalty  to  Jesus  Christ  and  the  ideals  of 
service.  This  union  is  already  in  operation  and  has  had 
beneficent  results. 

In  all  the.  work  the  Congregational  Church  is  increas- 
ingly mindful  that  it  is  not  dealing  with  the  mechanism 
of  reorganization  of  Chinese  society  but  with  the  Christian 
dynamic.  The  business  of  the  church  is  to  introduce  the 
power  of  Jesus  Christ  into  the  individual,  the  family  life 
and  the  nation.  The  missionary  acknowledges  the  good 
that  exists  in  the  religion  of  China.  He  builds  upon  it, 
and  seeks  to  realize  its  fulfilment  in  the  gospel  of  Jesus 
Christ. 

The  missionary  comes  to  establish  the  church,  the 
organized  brotherhood  of  good-will.  Through  this  brother- 
hood Christ  manifests  his  will  and  his  power.  These 
small  groups  uniting  together  are  slowly  fashioning  the 
life  of  the  Chinese  people  after  the  model  of  the  republic 
of  God,  where  man’s  personality  is  honored  and  given  an 
opportunity  not  only  for  the  highest  personal  develop- 
ment, but  also  for  development  of  the  whole  community, 
through  the  service  of  the  renewed  individual. 


Send  contributions  to  Frederick  A.  Gaskins,  Treasurer,  14  Beacon  Street, 
Boston,  Mass. 

Literature  and  leaflets  of  the  American  Board  may  be  had  by  addressing: 
John  G.  Hosmhb,  Congregational  House,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
Or  at  the  District  Offices: 

Rev.  Wm.  W.  Scuddeb,  D.D.,  287  4th  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

Rev.  W.  F.  English,  Jr.,  19  So.  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

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